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Immediate Effects

Some health effects may show up shortly after a single exposure or repeated exposures to a pollutant. These include irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, headaches, dizziness, and fatigue. Such immediate effects are usually short-term and treatable.

Long-Term Effects

Other health effects may show up either years after exposure has occurred or only after long or repeated periods of exposure. These effects, which include some respiratory diseases, heart disease and cancer, can be severely debilitating or fatal. It is prudent to try to improve the indoor air quality even if symptoms are not noticeable.

Primary Causes of Indoor Air Problems

Indoor pollution sources that release gases or particles into the air are the primary cause of indoor air quality problems. Inadequate ventilation can increase indoor pollutant levels by not bringing in enough outdoor air to dilute emissions from indoor sources and by not carrying indoor air pollutants out of the area. High temperature and humidity levels can also increase concentrations of some pollutants.

Pollutant Sources

There are many sources of indoor air pollution. These can include:

• Fuel-buring combustion appliances
• Tobacco products
• Building materials and furnishings as diverse as:

o   Deteriorated asbestos-containing insulation
o   Newly installed flooring, upholstery or carpet
o   Cabinetry or furniture made of certain pressed wood products

• Products for household cleaning and maintenance, personal care, or hobbies
• Central heating and cooling systems and humidification devices
• Excess moisture
• Outdoor sources such as:

o   Radon
o   Pesticides
o   Outdoor air pollution.

The most common air pollutants of ambient air include:

• Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5)
• Ozone (O3)
• Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
• Carbon monoxide (CO)
• Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

Exposure to outdoor air pollution has a substantial effect on health, including exacerbation of pre-existing asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, increased susceptibility to infection and sensitivity to allergens, and increased risk of arrhythmia, ischemia, cardiac failure, and stroke.

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Stack Emission monitoring is often referred to the air monitoring of an emission point. Typically, such monitoring is carried out on boiler stacks, exhausts from printers, discharges from bag filters, thermal oxidisers and is performed on a regular basis.

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What is noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL)?

NIHL is a permanent type of hearing loss caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of noise. In NIHL, hearing can deteriorate gradually from exposure to excessive noise levels, or in rarer cases it can happen quickly, such as with Acoustic Shock or extremely high sudden noise like explosions for instance. The most common cause of NIHL is from noise at work. It is also associated with an increased occurrence of Tinnitus and other hearing conditions.